导读 | 本文档详细介绍网络端口地址转换 NAPT 配置 |
理解 NAT 网络地址转换的原理及功能
掌握 NAPT 的配置,实现局域网访问互联网
你是某公司的网络管理员,公司办公网需要接入互联网,公司只向 ISP 申请了一条专线,该专线分配了一个公司 IP 地址,配置实现全公司的主机都能访问外网。
NAT 将网络划分为内部网络和外部网络两部分,局域网主机利用 NAT 访问网络时,是将局域网内部的本地地址转换为全局地址(互联网合法的 IP 地址)后转发数据包;
NAT 分为两种类型:NAT(网络地址转换)和 NAPT(网络端口地址转换 IP 地址对应一个全局地址)。
NAPT:使用不同的端口来映射多个内网 IP 地址到一个指定的外网 IP 地址,多对一。
NAPT 采用端口多路复用方式。内部网络的所有主机均可共享一个合法外部 IP 地址实现对 Internet 的访问,从而可以最大限度地节约 IP 地址资源。同时,又可隐藏网络内部的所有主机,有效避免来自 Internet 的攻击。因此,目前网络中应用最多的就是端口多路复用方式。
ISP(Internet Service Provider),互联网服务提供商,即向广大用户综合提供互联网接入业务、信息业务和增值业务的电信运营商。ISP是经国家主管部门批准的正式运营企业,享受国家法律保护。
新建 Packet Tracer 拓扑图
(1)R1 为公司出口路由器,其与 ISP 路由器之间通过 V.35 电缆串口连接,DCE 端连接在 R1 上,配置其时钟频率 64000;
(2)配置 PC 机、服务器及路由器接口 IP 地址;
(3)在各路由器上配置静态路由协议,让 PC 间能相互 Ping 通;
(4)在 R1 上配置 NAPT。
(5)在 R1 上定义内外网络接口。
(6)验证主机之间的互通性。
PC 2 台;Server-PT 1 台;Switch_2950-24 1 台 Router-PT 2 台;直通线;交叉线;DCE串口线 PC1 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 PC2 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 Server 200.1.2.2 255.255.255.0 200.1.2.1 R1 en conf t host R1 int fa 0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 no shutdown int s 2/0 ip address 200.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 no shutdown clock rate 64000 R2 en conf t host R2 int s 2/0 ip address 200.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 no shutdown int fa 0/0 ip address 200.1.2.1 255.255.255.0 no shutdown R1 exit ip route 200.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.2 R2 exit ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.1 end show ip route PC1 CMD ping 200.1.2.2 (success) Web 浏览器 //200.1.2.2 (success) R1 int fa 0/0 ip nat inside int s 2/0 ip nat outside exit access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 ip nat pool jaking 200.1.1.3 200.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 #设置名称为jaking的地址池,起始和终止IP都是200.1.1.3 ip nat inside source list 1 pool jaking overload (无 overload 表示多对多,有 overload 表示多对一) end show ip nat translations(无结果) PC1 Web 浏览器 //200.1.2.2 (success) R1 show ip nat translations(有 1 个结果) PC2 Web 浏览器 //200.1.2.2 (success) R1 show ip nat translations(有 2 个结果)
R1 Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n Press RETURN to get started! Router>en Router#conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#host R1 R1(config)#int fa 0/0 R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up R1(config-if)#int s 2/0 R1(config-if)#ip add 200.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to down R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 R1(config-if)# R2 Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n Press RETURN to get started! Router>en Router#conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#host R2 R2(config)#int s 2/0 R2(config-if)#ip add 200.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 R2(config-if)#no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up R2(config-if)#int fa 0/0 R2(config-if)#ip add 200.1.2.1 255.255.255.0 R2(config-if)#no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up R2(config-if)# R1 R1(config-if)#exit R1(config)#ip route 200.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.2 R2 R2(config-if)#exit R2(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 200.1.1.1 R2(config)#end R2# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console R2#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set S 192.168.1.0/24 [1/0] via 200.1.1.1 C 200.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial2/0 C 200.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 PC1 CMD ping 200.1.2.2 (success) PC>ipconfig IP Address......................: 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.1 PC>ping 200.1.2.2 Pinging 200.1.2.2 with 32 bytes of data: Request timed out. Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=24ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=25ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=126 Ping statistics for 200.1.2.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 20ms, Maximum = 25ms, Average = 23ms PC>ping 200.1.2.2 Pinging 200.1.2.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=25ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=23ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=25ms TTL=126 Ping statistics for 200.1.2.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 20ms, Maximum = 25ms, Average = 23ms
Web 浏览器
//200.1.2.2 (success)
PC2 CMD ping 200.1.2.2 (success) PC>ipconfig IP Address......................: 192.168.1.3 Subnet Mask.....................: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway.................: 192.168.1.1 PC>ping 200.1.2.2 Pinging 200.1.2.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=31ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=17ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=19ms TTL=126 Reply from 200.1.2.2: bytes=32 time=23ms TTL=126 Ping statistics for 200.1.2.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 17ms, Maximum = 31ms, Average = 22ms
Web 浏览器
//200.1.2.2 (success)
R1 R1(config)#int fa 0/0 R1(config-if)#ip nat inside R1(config-if)#int s 2/0 R1(config-if)#ip nat outside R1(config-if)#exit R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config)#ip nat pool jaking 200.1.1.3 200.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool jaking overload R1(config)#end R1# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console R1#show ip nat translations R1# PC1 Web 浏览器 //200.1.2.2 (success) R1 show ip nat translations(有 1 个结果) R1#show ip nat translations Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global tcp 200.1.1.3:1026 192.168.1.2:1026 200.1.2.2:80 200.1.2.2:80 PC2 Web 浏览器 //200.1.2.2 (success) R1 show ip nat translations(有 2 个结果) R1#show ip nat translations Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global tcp 200.1.1.3:1026 192.168.1.2:1026 200.1.2.2:80 200.1.2.2:80 tcp 200.1.1.3:1024 192.168.1.3:1026 200.1.2.2:80 200.1.2.2:80
至此,用思科模拟器进行网络端口地址转换 NAPT 配置完毕。
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